Capital Punishment The Death Penalty Essay - 1426 Words

When one thinks about the death penalty, they usually think of capital punishment, which is punishment by death as well as a practice by the government of killing people as punishment for serious crimes. Capital punishment has been used in the United States since 1775 when all thirteen colonies were at the outbreak of the American Revolution. It was not until 1787 that the founding fathers allowed the death penalty when writing the constitution. In 1790 United States Congress established a Federal Death Penalty, which was also called the Crimes Act of 1790, that created six capital offenses, treason, counterfeiting, three variations of piracy or felonies on the high seas, and aiding the escape of a capital prisoner, also in that same year the first person was executed under the United States Federal Death Penalty for committing â€Å"murder on the high seas†. The end of the 1700s, brought reform for the death penalty laws, like in 1793 the concept of varying degrees of murder was introduced, which softens the death penalty laws. With the Federal Death Penalty in place, the United States found ways to cope with the different and varying laws which needed capital punishment. In the late 1800s new reforms began once again, between 1833 and 1835 public hanging executions, were considered cruel and many states changed to private hangings. Ten years after in 1845, the first National Death Penalty Abolition Society was formed, which is still going strong today in 2016. Following thatShow MoreRelatedCapital Punishment : The Death Penalty1482 Words   |  6 PagesMrs. McElmoyl 12/12/14 Capital Punishment As stated by former governor of New York, Mario M. Cuomo, Always I have concluded the death penalty is wrong because it lowers us all; it is a surrender to the worst that is in us; it uses a power- the official power to kill by execution- that has never brought back a life, need inspired anything but hate. (Cuomo 1) This is one of the main arguments against capital punishment (also known as the death sentence.) Capital punishment is the ability for a governmentRead MoreThe Death Penalty And Capital Punishment931 Words   |  4 Pageswritten down (Robert). The death penalty was applied for a particularly wide range of crimes. The Romans also used death penalty for a wide range of offenses. Historically, the death sentence was often handled with torture, and executions, except that it was done in public. In this century, the death penalty, execution or capital punishment, whatever you’d like to refer it as, is the result for committing capital crimes or capital offences and it is not in public. The death penalty has been practiced byRead MoreCapital Punishment : The Death Penalty1410 Words   |  6 PagesCapital Punishment in America In 1976 the Supreme Court of the United States of America ruled the Death Penalty constitutionally permissible. The debate over capital punishment has always been a topic of great controversy. Before the Supreme Court ruling in 1976 America had been practicing capital punishment for centuries. At the current time some states enforce the death penalty, while some do not. There are differences of opinion’s relating to whether or not the death penalty is the proper wayRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty991 Words   |  4 PagesCapital Punishment Imagine your having a normal morning, eating breakfast doing your normal routine. Suddenly your phone rings and when you answer you hear the worst news possible. One of your family members has just been murdered in cold blood. You cry, mourn, then become angry. You attend the court hearing and you sit less than 20 feet away from the murderer. Do you truly believe this person deserves to live? Or should they face a punishment that is equal to their crime? Some may say CapitalRead MoreThe Death Penalty And Capital Punishment1569 Words   |  7 Pagesthe death penalty also referred to as capital punishment. The death penalty is both useless and harmful to not only criminals but also their potential victims. This paper uses these horrific facts to try and convince the reader that the death penalty should be done away with before it is too late, although that time may have already come. With supporting evidence to support my cause, I hope that the following information sways at least one reader to see the harm of keeping the death penalty an activeRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty1235 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is capital punishment? Why do people support it, but yet people cherish lives? Is it a moral thing to do? Should one be for or against the Death Penalty? Let’s take a look deep into the world of justices and why capital punishment still exists in today’s society. Capital punishment or the death penalty is a feder al punishment given to criminals who are convicted of murders. It is the highest law punishment available that can prevent future murders by developing fear within them. Capital punishmentRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty1017 Words   |  5 PagesName: Lucas Falley Topic: Capital Punishment Background: Capital punishment, or the death penalty, has existed for thousands of years. For as long as there has been organized society, the death penalty has existed in numerous cultures and civilizations. Throughout the years the methods have changed, but the use of capital punishment is becoming a pressing matter. Amnesty International reports that there are 140 countries worldwide that have abolished the death penalty, while over 50 countries stillRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is A Capital Punishment1271 Words   |  6 Pages What is the death penalty? The death penalty is a capital punishment that is punishable by death or execution. This is usually given to people that have committed serious offences or capital crimes. There are 31 states in the United States that are for the death penalty. Crimes that are punishable by the death penalty, vary from state to state. Examples of such crimes are; first degree murder or premeditated murder, murder with special circumstances, such as: intende d, multiple, and murder whichRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty1539 Words   |  7 PagesCapital punishment, otherwise known as the death penalty, has been the center of debate for a long time. Capital punishment may be defined as the â€Å"[e]xecution of an offender sentenced to death after conviction by a court of law of a criminal offense† (Capital Punishment). Up until 1846, when Michigan became the first to abolish the death sentence, all states allowed legal practice of capital punishment by the government (States). Currently, there 32 states still supporting the death penalty and 18Read MoreThe Death Penalty Of Capital Punishment1480 Words   |  6 Pagesjustice system, such as the death penalty. Capital punishment has been used many times in history all around the world, and it was quite popular. Many people argue that capital punishment is useful in deterring crime and that it is only fair that criminals receive death as punishment for a heinous crim e. On the contrary, others see the death penalty as a violation of the 8th amendment. It restricts excessive fines, and it also does not allow cruel and unusual punishment to be inflicted upon criminals

William Shakespeare s The Tempest Essay - 987 Words

â€Å"The rarer action is in virtue than in vengeance† (5.1.35-36). This quote from scene five of the Tempest gives the reader a glimpse of Shakespeare’s message regarding humanity. To be human means more than to have two feet, breathe in your lungs, and the ability to communicate. To be human is a choice. Being human means showing compassion and love for those around you. In the play the Tempest, Prospero struggles with his humanity. He possesses inhuman abilities that cause him to lose sight of the good qualities of human nature. The word human has more than one definition according to the Oxford English Dictionary. The most basic term, which we are all familiar with, is â€Å"Of the nature of the human race; that is a human, or consists of human beings; belonging to the species Homo sapiens† (Oxford English Dictionary). However, another definition of human is â€Å"Of, relating to, or characteristic of humans as distinguished from God or gods† (Oxford English Dictionary). This definition is pointing out the distinct difference between humans and gods. Along with this definition, a similar excerpt in the Oxford English Dictionary distinguishes between humans and animals stating â€Å"Of, relating to, or distinctive of people as distinguishes from other animals† (Oxford English Dictionary). The Oxford English Dictionary makes a point to differentiate between humans and creatures or gods. This relates back to the Tempest due to the variety of beings on the island. In the Tempest, the wordSh ow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s The Tempest1267 Words   |  6 Pagesaudience. During the Enlightenment Era, William Shakespeare’s writing were a form of social commentary on the English Government. Endorsed by the king, Shakespeare’s works told tales of tragedy and whimsy, incorporating both fiction and nonfiction elements. One trademark of Shakespeare s plays were the subtle allusions to the concurrent events in the English government. This is evident in his well known and final play, The Tempest. The story of The Tempest tells the tale of Prospero, a fallen dukeRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Tragicomedy The Tempest1935 Words   |  8 Pagesstand alone, frequently including elements from other influences. William Shakespeare’s tragicomedy The Tempest (c:1611) is a play that uses intertextuality to enhance ideas about natural order. Banished to an island, Prospero, the rightful Duke of Milan, conjures up a tempest that brings him his usurping brother, Ant onio in an attempt to restore his Dukedom. The play’s amalgamation of tragicomedy and the pastoral genre allows Shakespeare to warn his audience about unbalance, criticising the lavish lifestyleRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Tempest1256 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespare’s The Tempest introduces a dynamic and colorful protagonist, Prospero. Throughout the play, he establishes himself as a multi dimensional character. Prospero’s interaction with other characters in the play is vital in uncovering the many different sides of his personality. Prospero displays a different part of his personality when he interacts with Caliban, Ariel, and Ferdinand, all of whom are ploys in his master plan to regain his crown. Prospero assimilates his personality toRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Tempest1229 Words   |  5 Pages William Shakespeare most definitely did not reference Jeffrey Jerome Cohen’s Seven Monster Theses when writing his play, The Tempest. One of Cohen’s theses though - thesis four â€Å"The Monster Dwells at the Gates of Difference† - appears quite prominently in Shakespeare’s work. The thesis articulates that monsters are divisive and often arise in a culture to make one group seem superior to another. Further, societies devise monsters in order to create a scapegoat for social and political inequitiesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Tempest Essay1019 Words   |  5 PagesStephen Greenblatt, believes that antagonists such as Caliban from The Tempest represent more than a source of evil. Some theorists argue that Caliban should been seen as a â€Å"colonial other.† I agree, and in this paper I demonstrate and give prime examples as to why Caliban is misunderstood and depicted as a monster when in fact he should be viewed as a native of the island. According to Greenblatt’s argument, in The Tempest, Caliban should be viewed as a colonial other rather than a universal evilRead Mo reWilliam Shakespeare s The Tempest886 Words   |  4 PagesIn The Tempest, by William Shakespeare, there is a main issue of whether Prospero or Caliban have the better claim to control the island. In act 1, scene 2, we learn that Prospero, Miranda (his daughter), and Caliban are all located on an island. Caliban states, â€Å"This island’s mine by Sycorax my mother, (1.2.331), which means that he has inherited this island from his mother. However, critic Stephen Orgel has argued that â€Å"Power, as Prospero presents it in the play, is not inherited but self-createdRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Tempest947 Words   |  4 PagesIn Shakespeare’s The Tempest, Caliban is the primitive monster who belongs to the bottom of the power hierarchy on the island claimed by Prospero. Caliban, the original inhabitant of the island, unwillingly becomes Prospero’s slave as he uses magic to take control of the island. Prospero sees Caliban as the savage and monster who does not acknowledge the order of civilization despite his efforts to educate him. Caliban appears as an inferior and beast-like figure from nature in the eyes of the civilizedRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Tempest1499 Words   |  6 PagesShakespeare’s play â€Å"The Tempest† outlines many complex characters. One of which was Prospero, former Duke of Milan and powerful sorcerer. Prospero initially portrays a self-involved personality and God-complex but then throughout the course of the play this personality trait transpires into a more pragmatic approach to his life. All of these traits of this character makes it difficult to analyze the true character of Prospero. In the first Act of the play, we see Prospero using sorcery to drum upRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Tempest1469 Words   |  6 PagesThe Tempest brings out the discussion of rule, in this play the theme of rule is prominent, especially in the beginning of the play where the conversation between Prospero and Miranda (his daughter) lead the actions of Prospero, this paper will be analysing the hierarchy of the characters, the definition of justice for Prospero and who’s the king of Milan. Prospero has magical powers which is seen later in the play, the play starts off by the telling the story of the current king and his crew onRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Tempest843 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare was one of the world’s greatest Renaissance era playwrights. His plays were a part of culture in Renaissance England. Everyone from King James to peasants came to see his works. However, his reign was coming to an end. With thirty eight plays written, Shakespeare decided that ‘The Tempest’ was to end his illustrious, prolific career. It is known that throughout this play the word ‘cell’ is used more frequently than in any of Shakespeare’s works. The uses of the word ‘cell’ throughout

Design A Programming Language For Problem †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Design A Programming Language For Problem? Answer: Introduction Pia is a Swahili (Eastern Africa language) name which means another. The name is derived from the need to come up with another more usable and friendly programming language for mobile application development. Pia is a high-level programming language for the purpose of developing cross platform mobile applications. It is an interpreted language which tries to eliminated redundancy and repetition of lines of codes by enhancing the concept of Object Oriented Programming by giving objects power to be used entirely by any conceivable operation or functionality. This language consolidates the thinking of a human being and constructs logic and functionality based on the behavior of the human mind in terms of response and behavior of objects embedded in the constructed programs. It is a hybrid mobile business development language because of the increasing demand for a single, complete and satisfactory language that can develop mobile applications across the mobile operating system divide. The choice of the cross-platform is largely influenced by the mass mobile application users who use different mobile devices but would want exact integration and interconnectivity between those devices without any difficulties hence efficient and effective integration. Its inception was influenced by the increasing concern of mobile application users concerned with the problem of sharing and interconnect mobile devices especially those that are from different operating systems. Pia is a purpose-driven programming language that is event driven purely on the interaction of the activities of the mobile applications under development. It offers the mobile application developers a range of cool and powerful features that enhance their development processes. It is mainly known for the simplicity that it offers to the developers whereby it reduces the average time between the start of a mobile application and its fully production launch. Pia being an interpreted language, its interpreters have been developed for many different operating systems including Windows operating system, Linux, Unix, Mac O among others. It is an open source piece of application that is geared to be improved and enhanced by the vast majority of application developers that stand with the development team that carefully and keenly scrutinize for any grammatical mistakes or improvements of logic representation. Choice and justification of interpretation/compilation methods used Pia is an interpreted programming language, interpreted languages are languages that do not require machine code in order to execute the program; instead, interpreters will run through a program line by line and execute each command unlike compiled languages which are compiled to a machine-readable language before being executed (Krauss, 2017). The choice of the interpretation and compilation methods has been largely influenced by one of the core mission and goal of the language to offer a hybrid platform to offer application developers develop mobile applications for cross platform environments. Therefore, this could only be achieved by a platform independence behavior of a language hence the interpreting choice. Interpreting languages are platform independence that do not rely on the underlying operating system in order to compile its code to a machine-readable format, rather its interpreter can be able to execute the code with ease, efficient and effective way. The need to minimize battery usage in mobile applications has been a huge concern by the users of mobile devices. Mobile applications are developed with powerful functionalities but lack the mechanism to conserve the battery usage because of their intensity in power consumption. This could only force the need to use an interpreted language that produce small program sizes since they have a flexibility to choose instruction executable code. Therefore, it reduces the general power usage in executing the same program on a different compilation method. With the rise in better and efficient programming practices, application developers opt for easy, clear, flexible and dynamic conceptualization of ideas. An incoming programming language therefore has to adhere to competitive market demands of programmers. Interpreting languages offer dynamic scoping and dynamic typing mechanisms which are powerful modern mechanisms that help in writing more understandable codes that are human readable, clear, maintainable, testable and easy to debug. Since Pia programming language reduces the average time in development of the mobile applications, it is therefore crucial to use interpreting language that do not have write, compile or execution cycle hence rapid prototyping. This mechanism will help develop prototype of mobile applications with a few lines of codes that can demonstrate the underlying functionality and behavior of the intended final mobile application hence proper decision marketing is done. Moreover, games can be easily constructed and structured with the help of this method. Memory management. Garbage collection Pia programming language uses automatic mechanisms to recursively run during execution in order to identify any unused memory spaces and allocate them to objects that require intensive memory. A powerful programming language is able to identify memory leakages and automatically do a repair mechanism to prevent more memory leakages (Ravenbrook Limited, 2017). Through the implementation of persistent data structures, Pia programming language uses a garbage collector that reclaims all the unused memory spaces from objects that had been allocated some memory but are not needed anymore for the execution of the application. The garbage collector will also delete any unreferenced objects that are not required by the application, this will not only help in freeing more space for the crucial objects but also it will help in shortening the execution path for faster and efficient running of the programs. Reference Counting Reference counting works in a way that anytime you reference a memory location on the heap, a counter for that particular memory location increments by 1. Every time a reference to that location is deleted, the counter decrements by 1. When that counter gets to 0, then that particular memory location is garbage collected (Krauss, Programming Concepts: Garbage Collection, 2017). This helps in collection of all the unreferenced memory locations that is clogged by unused objects thereby freeing more spaces for the objects that are actively and constantly referenced by the running application. Scoping Scopes in a programming language refer to the visibility of a particular variable or a piece of code either locally or globally in the application execution cycle. A local scope is a piece of code or a variable that is only visible and accessible in the area where it defined while a global scope is a variable of a piece of code that is accessible everywhere in the entire application and can be referenced to be used by any particular calling method for execution purposes. Pia programming language implements both local and global scopes to ensure abstraction of data whereby a variable or a piece of code whenever is declared locally the rest part of the application cannot be able to access or manipulate it whatsoever. In the implementation of programming languages, two types of scopes have been used; static scopes and dynamic scopes. However, Pia implements static scopes as compared to dynamic scopes. When using static scopes, the program that exists in source code is examined without running it first while when using dynamic scopes, one examines the logic behind while executing the program at runtime. Pia programming use static scopes because it is more readable to implement piece of codes statically as opposed to dynamically. It also helps in locality of reasoning in terms of functionality and logic manipulation without losing the track of variables and the flow of logic. Moreover, static scopes have a less run-time overhead as compare to dynamic scopes, this is because the pieces of codes are examined first before evaluated and is referenced in the immediate enclosing piece of code unlike the dynamic scopes which can be reference and called outside their declared area in the application. The pursuit for simplicity in programming languages had not been easy, with the campaigns for everyone to learn programming come at a cost of the designer of programming languages like me to ensure that upcoming languages are both simple to read and simple to understand. Pia programming language uses symbols that are recognizable and easy to relate to any person that has been near a computer. It uses the @ symbol to declare a variable, the @ symbol is common and denotes attachments to human minds, therefore, its usage to declare a variable would mean an attachment of a new variable tot eh program. It will also use diagrams that are familiar to human cognitive understanding when it comes to drag-and-drop menus. The symbols, icons and menus that Pia uses to denote a particular object will symbolize the common noticeable objects in the real world. In computer programming, "orthogonality in a programming language means that a relatively small set of primitive constructs can be combined in a relatively small number of ways to build the control and data structures of the language" (Jens Dietrich, 2013). An orthogonal language enables software developers to independently change one operation of a system, without triggering a ripple effect of changes to subsidiary or dependent operations (TechTarget, 2017). Pia programming language will ensure that different independent modules of the mobile applications are interdependent on other modules but still independent in terms of changes that are done to them or rather manipulative changes that are persisted on them. This programming language combines different small sets of simple data structures such as lists, objects and arrays to form more complex data structures such as trees and heaps. These more complex data structures are then used to implement more complex logic and functionalities of the mobile applications. Like any programming language, Pia involves storing and manipulating data in the processing and execution of the applications. Pia programming language being a loosely-coupled language, does not require the declaration of a data type before a variable. It automatically evaluates the given data and assigns a data type to the variable according to the data type of the data given assigned to the variable. However, all variables are prepended with an @ symbol to denote a declaration of the variable. Some of the data types includes This data type represents a collection of characters that is denoted by either single or double quotes e.g. @name = John Doe This data type represents numerical data. It composes of numbers without decimal places. Its declaration is by the use of numerals without any quotes. e.g. @salary = 120000 This data type represents data that is evaluated on a truth basis of either true of false according to given expression. e.g. @contacted = true @africa == africa This is a data type that represents a collection of related data. It is denoted by []. Data inside the array is separated by commas. e.g. @letters = [a, b, c,] Syntax design is one of the vital concepts that differentiate one programming language from another. It describes the rules that evaluate the correctness of wrongness of a piece of code under the given environment. Pia programming contains may different rules that govern whether a code is executable or not. It therefore has predefined set of rules that are to be followed when writing code for mobile development. Some of the syntax include: Variables are to be declared with a prefix of @ symbol without specifying the data type of the variable because the language is a loosely coupled programming language that evaluate the data type given the data. Examples @message = I am Designing @cost = 50.63 @fruits = [apple, banana, pineapple] Statement termination Pia programming language does not include any symbol to denote a termination of a statement. However, a new line automatically evaluates to a next executable statement. This syntax rule has forced the language to be very strict on indentation in order to determine piece of code under one parent block such as a function. Comments Single line comments in this programming language is implemented by the use of / comment / / declaration of the cost of living / @cost = 124000.55 Multiple lines comments are implemented by the use of / multiple lines comment / Example / declare a variable use the variable in a function define the logic inside the function return the processed result A function is a block of code that execute a single logic of operation and returns a value after its evaluation. The declaration of function in this language is by prepending the word func before the function name and appending (). Functions without arguments have empty appended brackets while those with arguments, have the arguments inside the appended brackets. func area() @length @width = 4 @area = @length * @width return @area func area(@len, @wid) @area = @len * @wid return @area Data abstraction refers to, providing only essential information to the outside world and hiding their background details, i.e., to represent the needed information in program without presenting the details (Tutorials Point, 2017). Through the process of abstraction, a programmer hides all but the relevant data about an object in order to reduce complexity and increase efficiency (Tech Target, 2017). Pia implements a great deal of abstraction of data that involves the separation of their interface from implementation. In order to protect restrict the accessibility of data, Pia has implemented data access level of private, protected and public. Public data is denoted by prepending the @ symbol followed by the word public, e.g. @public fullname, @public area(). Public access level allows the defined data to be accessed anywhere in the application. The data defined under this access level does not have privacy and can be used and manipulated by any piece of code anywhere in the application. However, it helps in the usage of a consistent data across the entire application. Private data is denoted by prepending the @ symbol followed by the word private, e.g. @private firstname, @private perimeter(). Private access level restrict data to be only accessed in a certain class and cannot be accessed outside that defining class. It protects the defined data from being changed or manipulated by other outside classes other than the defining class. Protected data is denoted by prepending the @ symbol followed by the word protected, e.g. @protected lastname, @protected taxation(). Protected access level restrict data to be only access by a child class of the parent class defining the data. This is an essential mechanism of inheritance by which child classes can inherit and use defined data and functions from their corresponding parent classes. This is the ability to write code that is clear, concise, easy to read, easy to understand and avoids repetition. Pia programming language uses basic English to describe a certain expression that anyone can comprehend the logic behind it. in keyword Pia uses the in keyword to evaluate whether an item is present in an array or not. It also uses not in or !in to evaluate that an item is not in the given array. Examples a in [c, d, a] a not in [v, w, x, f] Pia uses the is keyword to evaluate whether a certain variable is of a given data type. Example @a = Letter A / declare a variable a / @a is string Type checking also known as a type system is a collection of rules that assign a property called type to various constructs in a computer program, such as variables, expressions, functions or modules, with the end goal of reducing the number of bugs by verifying that data is represented properly throughout a program (Krauss, Programming Concepts: Static vs. Dynamic Type Checking, 2017). Pia program uses dynamic type checking whereby the type checking is done at run time rather that static type checking where type checking is done at compile time. This implementation does not require one to specify or declare the data type of the variable instead, the language compiler evaluates the given data at run time and assigns the variable a corresponding data type accordingly. @language = French / string declaration / @price = 200 / integer declaration / From the examples above, there is no specification of data type of both language and price but rather the system will evaluate language to be of type string and price to be of type integer at runtime. This is a mechanism that its implementation instructs the program what to do when encountering an unexpected condition. It is a crucial technique that ensures reliability of the developed application. It is a fundamental concept of test driven development, whereby a developed program is ascertained to produce the expected outcome with accuracy. Pia programming uses try-catch block to handle these expectations and raises a necessary executable code to handle the exception. Aliasing is the use of two or more distinct referencing methods or names for the same memory cell (www.cs.ubc.ca, 2017). For example, the following code instantiated an object salon from the user-defined class Salon1 and then introduces an alias BestSalon: Salon1 time = new Salon1() / calls Salon1 constructor / Salon1 BestSalon = salon Later the programmer deletes this object by salon = null; The syntax of Pia programming language uses basic English that anyone can easily understand. The use of in keyword to check if an item exists in an array or not is a good example that explains the usage of comprehensive key words to explain a given logic. The usage of abbreviations derived from a full name of a common used name is a good practice to immediately understand what a piece of code means. The use of func keyword to define a function is another example of what a human being can easily derive without more explanations. Indentation in Pia is a strict syntax rule whereby any executable line of code within a parent function must be indented inside it. This principle helps in the readability of code whereby one can easily identify and differentiate one block of code from another. Pia uses a comment-system that is easy to comprehend whereby a single line comment is denoted by a forward slash and a single quote(/.../) while a multi-line comment is denoted by a forward slash and a double quote(/.../). This helps the reader to easily differentiate between a single and a double comment through the usage of single and double quotes inside the forward slashes. Writability Pia programming language favors a relatively number of data types which facilitates simplicity and orthogonality. This implementation therefore describes the writability ability of the language. It also supports abstraction of data through different access levels. The abstraction of implementation of complex data structures and operations from their interface has facilitated a great deal in ensuring that Pia programming language is writable. Pia has also ensured Expressivity of its logic and expressions. These techniques also help in the writability of the language. Reliability By applying dynamic type checking of data for type errors at runtime, Pia programming language ensures that the developed code does not contain errors which assures proper functioning of the developed mobile application. Pia also supports aliasing at low level, regardless of this being costly dangerous technique, it assures reliability of the program being executed by checking if the aliased name operates similar to the original name with the same memory space. References Jens Dietrich. (2013, May 1). Java Tip: Orthogonality by example. Retrieved from JAVAWORLD: https://www.javaworld.com/article/2078767/open-source-tools/java-tip-orthogonality-by-example.html Krauss, A. (2017). Programming Concepts: Compiled and Interpreted Languages. Retrieved from Aaron Krauss: https://thesocietea.org/2015/07/programming-concepts-compiled-and-interpreted-languages/ Krauss, A. (2017, January 26). Programming Concepts: Garbage Collection. Retrieved from Aaron Krauss: https://thesocietea.org/2017/01/programming-concepts-garbage-collection/ Krauss, A. (2017). Programming Concepts: Static vs. Dynamic Type Checking. Retrieved from AarSome of the syntax include:on Krauss: https://thesocietea.org/2015price to be of type integer at runtime./11/programming-concepts-static-vs-dynamic-type-checking/ Ravenbrook Limited. (2017). Memory management in various languages. Retrieved from Memory Management Reference: https://www.memorymanagement.org/mmref/lang.html Tech Target. (2017). abstraction. Retrieved from Tech Target: https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/abstractio TechTarget. (2017). orthogonal. Retrieved from TechTarget: https://searchstorage.techtarget.com/definition/orthogonal Tutorials Point. (2017). Data Abstraction in C++. Retrieved from Tutorials Point: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cplusplus/cpp_data_abstraction.htm www.cs.ubc.ca. (2017). Programming Concepts and Methods for Enhanced Student Learning. Retrieved from www.cs.ubc.ca: https://www.cs.ubc.ca/wccce/Program03/papers/TongXu/TongXu.htm

Healthcare Management

Question: Discuss about the Healthcare Management. Answer: Introduction Basically, the main purpose of conducting this research study is to develop an apparent understanding in the minds of readers about the concepts applications of management and leadership. In addition to this, this research paper would provide an analysis in the context of concepts of management as well as leadership styles used by the todays managers and leaders. On the other hand, one management and one leadership styles would be selected to fulfill the aims/objectives of the paper. At the same time, this research paper would also analyze and evaluate the roles and functions of todays leaders and managers in the healthcare organizations to fulfill the long term objectives of the organizations. Additionally, this research paper would also analyze the specific principles adopted and used by the leaders in order to ensure effective working environment. Finally, the roles/functions of the healthcare organizations would be discussed and analyzed in the development of effective managers and leaders. In the same way, this research paper would be more effective, valuable and significant in developing a clear understanding about the roles of leaders and managers in the overall healthcare environment in an effective and proper manner. Concept of Management and Leadership Style (Example) In this section of the research study, Democratic Style of management and Participative styles of leadership is selected respectively. Democratic Style of Management is one of the best, effective, positive result oriented and specific types of management style used by todays manager within the healthcare organization. On the other hand, it should also be noted down that, it is one of the most common and widely used management styles that not only help the manager to improve organizational efficiency but also improve the skills, knowledge and abilities at the workplace. For example, according to this style of management, a manager welcomes the new ideas, feedback, and opinion of their employees and motivates them to fulfill organizational operational and strategic goals/objectives in an effective and proper manner (Jayasingam, Cheng, 2009). Moreover, as per this, a manager invites their subordinates/employees on an open forum to discuss the ideas about the new strategies and plan. For example, employees are encouraged by the managers to come with the new ides. At the same time, this style of management is more innov ative and dynamic because it ensures healthy, appropriate and effective communication among the employees and manager (Bass, Riggio, 2012). In the current time of globalization, each and every leader assumes Participative Style of Leadership because it is one of the best leadership styles as compare to other styles. Moreover, according to this style, a leader decides best for their employees and organizations. For example, as per this style, a leader encourages, motivate and provide equal opportunities to their employees to take part in the organizational decision making. In the same way, a leader involves all the employees in the process of autocratic decisions (Gregoire Arendt, 2014). This style makes employees more loyal and attached with the organization because it motivate the employees to work as per the organizational strategies, process and mission for the overall success. In addition to this, with the help of this style of leadership, a leader can be able to share ideas, information, knowledge and opinion openly for the decision making. For example, a leader motivates their employees to share their ideas and kn owledge in the fulfillment of organizational decision making process. In addition to this, the main advantage of this style is that a leader comes up with the best solution to communicate with their subordinate. Overall it can be said that, with this style, a leader work closely with the whole team and develops strong relationship that is more essential for the success of the organization (Bowerman, Wart, 2011). On the other hand, this style is also permits the skills, knowledge, abilities talents of each and every employee. Roles of Leader and Manager in Healthcare Organizations In todays more competitive, fast growing and globalized business era, there are a lot of specific and dynamic roles and functions are performed by the leaders and managers in the healthcare organizations for the overall success and growth. Such roles are discussed as below: The main role of a leader in the healthcare environment is to motivate and encourage all the groups of people for the fulfillment of organizational long term strategic objectives. For case, a leader plays a major role in influencing the group practices and activities to cope with the change. In addition to this, a leader is also responsible to effectively communicate the organizational strategic vision, mission and objective in the front of associated people in a meaningful manger (Brown, Hallenbeck, Baird, 2009). On the other hand, developing maintaining collaboration through communicating the information to employees, managers and related healthcare organizations is also the key role of todays leaders in the healthcare setting. For case, this role allow all the associated people to make specific and appropriate own informed decisions (Lewis, Goodman, Fandt, Michlitsch, 2006). Moreover, a leader is also liable to communicate communication strategies within the healthcare organization for the purpose to improve healthcare management. Reducing the level of complexity and organizational error by developing and creating innovative strategies and practices is also the primary and major function of the leader. Additionally, with the changed healthcare environment, a leader is also required to know the patient safety literacy and do to make their systems safe. For example, a leader is also responsible to develop a effective culture of safety within the healthcare organization that may reduce the variability with standardized care and does not condone "at-risk behavior (Lussier, Achua, 2009). Additionally, a leader is also introduce and develops enthusiasm for risky strategies to determine the success of the organizations. At the same time, a leader should also provide and develop new and innovative learning methods, process and strategies to test the improvement s. Additionally, a leader is also liable for the effective combination of care in order to promote and encourage seamless care. Finally, it can be said that, a leader encourage and promote healthy, professional and friendly work culture within the healthcare organization that support patient engagement, development improvements on the regular basis and teamwork (Acton, 2012). Iit is more important for the health care manager to create, develop and promote unique and dynamic work environment that can offer essential and required health care facilities at the maximum profit. For example, a manager within the healthcare setting is fully responsible to develop and make specific budget, order and receive suppliers and issue standard communications. In addition to this, a manger is also decides the need in the context of healthcare. For case, he or she is also arranges regular meetings with the different players such as doctors, patients, and vendors within the health care setting. On the other hand, it should also be noted down that, managers have ability to affect the medication decisions within the organizations (Koutoukidis, Stainton, Hughson, 2012). Moreover, it is also important for the managers within the healthcare to juggle a wide range of responsibilities. For example, they develop specific plan within the health care organizations and provide specif ic directions to the associated groups, people, departments, and practitioners about the effective healthcare practices. In addition to this, mangers are fully dedicated and responsible for the problem solving and making appropriate decisions within the healthcare setting by using communication strategies. For example, a manager is also liable for the collaboration with the other disciplines (Andre, Heartfield, 2011). Additionally, a manager is also fulfilling their roles in the area of personnel development, making budget and arranging finance for the overall success of the organizations. At the same time, they also introduce and develop specific strategies, methods, and ways to promote healthcare facilities. For instance, manager promotes the implementation of innovative operational approaches. Apart from these roles, planning, organizing, staffing, controlling, directing and decision making etc are the major roles performed by the healthcare manager within the organizations (Jones, Bourgeois, 2015). For case, a manager is responsible to set the priorities and determine performance targets in order to fulfill organizational goals. Moreover, according to the organizing functions, a manager is liable to design reporting relations as well as intentional patterns of interaction. Furthermore, as per staffing, they are fully dedicated to maintain organizational people by developing and creating innov ative workplace strategies and methods. Additionally, motivation, and communication is also other function of the manager within the organizations. Finally, they also make effective decisions on the basis of organizational considerations for the overall success in an effective and proper manner (Atkins, Lacey, Britton, 2011). Principles Adopted by Leader There are wide ranges of leadership principles are used by the leaders within the organizations to ensure effective working environment. Moreover, such leadership principles provide strategic guidance and directions to a leader within the healthcare environment about how to fulfill organizational task effectively and how to perform (Alvesson, Spicer, 2012). The following are the two major leadership Principles such as: Principles: 1 Making sound and timely decisions: This is one of the most valuable and comprehensive leadership principles that help a leader in fulfilling organizational tasks and functions more effectively. For example, as per this, a leader is use and adopts good problem solving methodologies and make specific decisions to ensure effective working environment. Moreover, a leader is also adopts various planning tools to ensure effective working environment (Brown, Edwards, Seaton, Buckley, 2015). Principles: 2 Ensuring that tasks are understood, supervised, and accomplished: According to this principal, a leader understands the value of effective communication. For case, he or she communicates with the teams and other people effectively and fulfill organizational tasks in a more dynamic manner. In order to ensure the effective working environment, a leader spends most of time in communicating with the others (Fraser, Waters, Forster, Brown, 2014). Roles of Healthcare Organizations in the Development of an Effective Managers and Leaders It is true that, healthcare organizations are the important organizations that play a significant role in the development of an effective leader and manager. For example, healthcare organizations play a major role in the professional development by offering training and development program. Such specific and innovative programs help the leaders and managers in improving their current skills. For example, healthcare organizations arrange and introduce a wide range of optional as well as compulsory trainings and development opportunities for the managers and leaders so that they can improve their medical education within the organizations (Hally, 2008). In addition to this, unique and dynamic work environment and culture is also provided by the healthcare organizations to the manager and leaders so that they can improve their abilities, skills, knowledge in the area of healthcare system in an effective and proper manner. Along with this, healthcare organizations also arrange and develo p different innovative programs to improve the learning styles of the leader and manager. In addition to this, healthcare organizations also provide different opportunities to the leaders and managers to increase their skills set in the healthcare environment. In the same way, healthcare organizations arrange different unique facilities for the development of an effective manager and leaders. Overall it can be said that, healthcare organizations plays various roles in making a leader or manger more effective (Daly, Speedy, Jackson, 2014). Summary/ Conclusion On the basis of above facts and analysis, it is summarized that, in the current time of globalization, different types of leadership and management styles are used by the leaders as well as mangers respectively in order to fulfill organizational strategic vision, mission and objectives. In addition to this, it can also be concluded that, both leaders and managers are the important players in the healthcare setting that assume significant roles in the success of healthcare organizations. On the other hand, it is also found that, in performing the organizational tasks and functions, leaders adopt specific leadership principles so that organizational long term objectives can be fulfilled timely. Finally, it can also be summarized and concluded that, healthcare Organizations are the leading organizations that plays significant role in the Development of an Effective Managers and Leaders. References Acton, Q.A. 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